نوع مقاله : پژوهشی
عنوان مقاله English
نویسندگان English
The research concludes, in general, that the effectiveness of modern means of proof in administrative litigation is not measured merely by their legislative recognition, but rather by the extent to which the surrounding legislative, judicial, and technical environment is integrated. A comparative analysis suggests that Egypt possesses a high degree of integration between legislation, judicial practice, and digital transformation. Iran represents an advanced model in the digitization of administrative and judicial procedures, granting the administrative judge an active role in investigation and the collection of evidence—though some technical and organizational challenges persist. Iraq, meanwhile, requires further strengthening of its legislative, procedural, and technical frameworks. Consequently, the optimal path for all three nations lies in adopting an integrated system for electronic evidence—one that strikes a balance between the administrative judge’s discretion in evaluating evidence, the assurance of the evidence’s integrity and the lawfulness of its acquisition, the protection of defense rights and privacy, and the efficient and expeditious resolution of administrative disputes.
کلیدواژهها English