The present study examines the media representation of violent crimes and its role in shaping populist punitiveness in Iran’s criminal policy. How does the media representation of violent crimes contribute to the emergence of penal populism in Iran? The findings indicate that the media emphasis on criminal incidents and the intensification of public concerns can pave the way for policies based on harsher punishments, expedited judicial proceedings, and restrictions on certain procedural safeguards, reflecting a tendency towards penal populism. The dominance of penal populism may lead to emotionally driven responses prevailing over expert assessments, potentially conflicting with the principles of legality, proportionality of punishment, presumption of innocence, and fair trial. Consequently, effective criminal policy requires a balance between ensuring public security, responsible reporting, and respecting individuals’ fundamental rights. In this regard, the proposed Bill on Increasing Penalties for Crimes Disrupting the Psychological Security of Society (2008), the Bill on Intensifying the Fight against Violent Crimes (2011), and Circular No. 1016/78/1, dated 29 April 1999, are examined as examples of penal responses to violent crimes. Nevertheless, through highlighting criminal incidents, influencing public perceptions of insecurity, and shaping social demands, the media representation of violent crimes can play a significant role in the emergence and expansion of populist punitiveness in criminal policy. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical method based on a review of library sources and legal documents.